1 语言新特性
1.1 Lambda
自动推测形参类型e
Arrays.asList( "a", "b", "d" ).forEach( e -> System.out.println( e ) );
指定形参类型e
Arrays.asList( "a", "b", "d" ).forEach( ( String e ) -> System.out.println( e ) );
方法体可以用{}包裹
Arrays.asList( "a", "b", "d" ).forEach( e -> {
    System.out.print( e );
    System.out.print( e );
} );
effectively final,lambda引用的对象会自动转为final
String separator = ",";
Arrays.asList( "a", "b", "d" ).forEach( 
    ( String e ) -> System.out.print( e + separator ) );
1.2 FunctionalInterface
函数接口就是只具有一个方法的普通接口,这样的接口,可以被隐式转换为lambda表达式,
然而,一旦在此接口中增加了方法,它将不再是函数接口,使用lambda时也将编译失败。
@FunctionalInterface注解可以约束接口的行为,默认方法与静态方法不会影响函数接口
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Functional {
    void method();
}
1.3 接口默认方法
public interface Defaulable {
    // Interfaces now allow default methods, the implementer may or 
    // may not implement (override) them.
    default String notRequired() { 
        return "Default implementation"; 
    }        
}
public  class DefaultableImpl implements Defaulable {
}
public  class OverridableImpl implements Defaulable {
    @Override
    public String notRequired() {
        return "Overridden implementation";
    }
}
1.4 接口静态方法
private interface DefaulableFactory {
    // Interfaces now allow static methods
    static Defaulable create( Supplier< Defaulable > supplier ) {
        return supplier.get();
    }
}
1.5 方法引用
可以将类中既有 方法引用为lambda
public static class Car {
    public static Car create( final Supplier< Car > supplier ) {
        return supplier.get();
    }              
    public static void collide( final Car car ) {
        System.out.println( "Collided " + car.toString() );
    }
    public void repair() {   
        System.out.println( "Repaired " + this.toString() );
    }    
    public void follow( final Car another ) {
        System.out.println( "Following the " + another.toString() );
    }
}
①构造器引用,语法为 Class::new,效果如同 () -> new Class()
Car car = Car.create( Car::new );
final List< Car > cars = Arrays.asList( car );
②静态方法引用,语法为 Class::static_method,效果如同 p -> Class.static_method(p)
cars.forEach( Car::collide );
③实例无参方法引用,语法为 Class::method,效果如同 p -> p.method(),该方法没有参数
cars.forEach( Car::repair );
④实例有参方法引用,语法为 instance::method ,效果如同 p -> instance.method(p)
final Car police = Car.create( Car::new );
cars.forEach( police::follow );
⑤其他
   super::methName //引用某个对象的父类方法
   TypeName[]::new //引用一个数组的构造器
1.6 重复注解
相同的注解可以在同一地方声明多次,由 @Repeatable 提供此特性
/**
 * @Repeatable( Filters.class )
 * 表示该注解可重复使用,注解内容存放于Filters中
 */
@Target( ElementType.TYPE )
@Retention( RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME )
@Repeatable( Filters.class )
public @interface Filter {
    String value();
};
/**
 * 存放@Filter注解的数组
 * 该注解必须可以被访问
 */
@Target( ElementType.TYPE )
@Retention( RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME )
public @interface Filters {
    Filter[] value();
}
/**
 * 测试
 */
@Filter( "filter1" )
@Filter( "filter2" )
public interface Filterable {
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
    //java8 提供的新方法,用于获取重复的注解
    for(Filter filter : Filterable.class.getAnnotationsByType(Filter.class ) ) {
        System.out.println( filter.value() );
    }
}
1.7 类型推测
public class TypeInfer {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final Value< String > value = new Value<>();
        //value.setV(Value.<String>defV()); //以前的写法
        //Value.defV()返回类型被推测为String
        value.setV(Value.defV());
        System.out.println(value.getV());
    }
}
class Value< T > {
    private T o;
    public static <T>  T defV() {
        //若T不为Object,将会出现类型转换异常
        return (T)new Object();
    }
    public void setV(T o){
        this.o = o;
    }
    public T getV(){
        return o;
    }
}
1.8 扩展注解
java8几乎可以为任何东西添加注解:局部变量、泛型类、父类与接口的实现以及方法异常
ElementType.TYPE_USE和ElementType.TYPE_PARAMETER 用于描述注解上下文
public class AnnotationEX {
    @Retention( RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME )
    @Target( { ElementType.TYPE_USE, ElementType.TYPE_PARAMETER } )
    public @interface Anno {
    }
    public static class TestAEX< @Anno T > extends @Anno Object {
        public void method() throws @Anno Exception {
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final TestAEX< String > holder = new @Anno TestAEX<>();
        @Anno Collection< @Anno String > strings = new ArrayList<>();
    }
}
2 类库新特性
2.1 Optional
//将String对象装入Optional容器
Optional< String > stringOptional = Optional.ofNullable( null );
//判断容器中的String对象是否不为空
System.out.println(stringOptional.isPresent() );
//orElseGet通过lambda产生一个默认值
System.out.println(stringOptional.orElseGet( () -> "[default string]" ) );
//map对String对象进行转化,然后返回一个新的Optional实例,
// 此处s为null,所以未转换直接返回了1个新Optional实例,
// orElse直接产生一个默认值
System.out.println(stringOptional.map( p -> "[" + p + "]" ).orElse( "Hello Optional" ) );
2.2 Stream
stream操作被分成了中间操作与最终操作两种
中间操作返回一个新的stream对象。中间操作总是采用惰性求值方式,运行一个像filter这样的中间操作实际上没有进行任何过滤,相反它在遍历元素时会产生了一个新的stream对象,这个新的stream对象包含原始stream中符合给定谓词的所有元素。
最终操作可能直接遍历stream,产生一个结果或副作用,如forEach、sum等。当最终操作执行结束之后,stream管道被认为已经被消耗了,没有可能再被使用了。在大多数情况下,最终操作都是采用及早求值方式,及早完成底层数据源的遍历。
public enum Status {
    OPEN, CLOSED
};
public class Task {
    private final Status status;
    private final Integer points;
    Task( final Status status, final Integer points ) {
        this.status = status;
        this.points = points;
    }
    public Integer getPoints() {
        return points;
    }
    public Status getStatus() {
        return status;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return String.format( "[%s, %d]", status, points );
    }
}
public static void main(String[] args){
    Collection< Task > tasks = Arrays.asList(
            new Task( Status.OPEN, 5 ),
            new Task( Status.OPEN, 13 ),
            new Task( Status.CLOSED, 8 )
    );
    long totalPointsOfOpenTasks = tasks
            .stream()
            .filter( task -> task.getStatus() == Status.OPEN )
            .mapToInt( Task::getPoints )
            .sum();
    System.out.println( "Total points: " + totalPointsOfOpenTasks );
}
原生并行处理
double totalPoints = tasks
   .stream()
   .parallel()
   .map( task -> task.getPoints() ) // or map( Task::getPoints ) 
   .reduce( 0, Integer::sum );    
System.out.println( "Total points (all tasks): " + totalPoints );
分组
final Map< Status, List< Task >> map = tasks
        .stream()
        .collect( Collectors.groupingBy(Task::getStatus) );
System.out.println( map );
权重
//计算权重
final Collection< String > result = tasks
        .stream()                                        // Stream< String >
        .mapToInt( Task::getPoints )                     // IntStream
        .asLongStream()                                  // LongStream
        .mapToDouble( points -> points / totalPoints )   // DoubleStream
        .boxed()                                         // Stream< Double >
        .mapToLong( weigth -> ( long )( weigth * 100 ) ) // LongStream
        .mapToObj( percentage -> percentage + "%" )      // Stream< String>
        .collect( Collectors.toList() );                 // List< String >
System.out.println( result );
2.3 Date/Time API
时间格式均为 ISO-8601
Clock
//日期时间都有,有时区
Clock clock = Clock.systemUTC();
System.out.println(clock.instant());
System.out.println(clock.millis());
LocalDate
//只有日期没有时间
LocalDate localDate = LocalDate.now();
LocalDate localDateFromClock = LocalDate.now(clock);
System.out.println(localDate);
System.out.println(localDateFromClock);
LocalTime
//只有时间没有日期
LocalTime localTime = LocalTime.now();
LocalTime localTimeFromClock = LocalTime.now(clock);
System.out.println(localTime);
System.out.println(localTimeFromClock);
LocalDateTime
//日期时间都有,没有时区
LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
LocalDateTime localDateTimeFromClock = LocalDateTime.now(clock);
System.out.println(localDateTime);
System.out.println(localDateTimeFromClock);
ZonedDateTime
//指定时区,只有ZonedDateTime,没有ZoneDate与ZoneTime
ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime = ZonedDateTime.now();
ZonedDateTime zonedDateTimeFromClock = ZonedDateTime.now();
ZonedDateTime zonedDateTimeFromZone = ZonedDateTime.now(ZoneId.of( "America/Los_Angeles" ));
System.out.println(zonedDateTime);
System.out.println(zonedDateTimeFromClock);
System.out.println(zonedDateTimeFromZone);
Duration
//计算时间差
LocalDateTime from = LocalDateTime.of( 2014, Month.APRIL, 16, 0, 0, 0 );
LocalDateTime to = LocalDateTime.of( 2015, Month.APRIL, 16, 23, 59, 59 );
Duration duration = Duration.between( from, to );
System.out.println( "Duration in days: " + duration.toDays() );
System.out.println( "Duration in hours: " + duration.toHours() );
2.4 Nashorn
javax.script.ScriptEngine的另一种实现,允许js与java相互调用
ScriptEngineManager manager = new ScriptEngineManager();
ScriptEngine engine = manager.getEngineByName( "JavaScript" );
System.out.println( engine.getClass().getName() );
System.out.println( "Result:" + engine.eval( "function f() { return 1; }; f() + 1;" ) );
2.5 Base64
Base64编码已经成为Java8类库的标准
final String text = "Base64 finally in Java 8!";
final String encoded = Base64
        .getEncoder()
        .encodeToString( text.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8 ) );
System.out.println( encoded );
final String decoded = new String(
        Base64.getDecoder().decode( encoded ),
        StandardCharsets.UTF_8 );
System.out.println( decoded );
其他编码器与解码器
Base64.getUrlEncoder() Base64.getUrlDecoder()
Base64.getMimeEncoder() Base64.getMimeDecoder()
2.6 并行(parallel )数组
并行数组操作可以在多核机器上极大提高性能
long[] arrayOfLong = new long [ 20000 ];
//对arrayLong所有元素随机赋值
Arrays.parallelSetAll(arrayOfLong,
        index -> ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(1000000));
//打印前10个元素
Arrays.stream( arrayOfLong ).limit( 10 ).forEach(
        i -> System.out.print( i + " " ) );
System.out.println();
//对arrayLong数组排序
Arrays.parallelSort( arrayOfLong );
//打印前10个元素
Arrays.stream( arrayOfLong ).limit( 10 ).forEach(
        i -> System.out.print( i + " " ) );
System.out.println();
2.7 并发(concurrency)
java.util.concurrent.
ConcurrentHashMap类中加入了一些新方法来支持聚集操作java.util.concurrent.
ForkJoinPool类中加入了一些新方法来支持共有资源池(common pool)java.util.concurrent.locks.
StampedLock类提供基于容量的锁,这种锁有三个模型来控制读写操作java.util.concurrent.atomic包中增加新类:
DoubleAccumulator,
DoubleAdder,
LongAccumulator,
LongAdder
3 编译器新特性
3.1 参数名
方法参数的名字保留在Java字节码中,并且能够在运行时获取它们
编译时需要加上 –parameters ,maven-compiler-plugin 可进行配置
public class ParameterNames {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        Method method = ParameterNames.class.getMethod( "main", String[].class );
        for( final Parameter parameter: method.getParameters() ) {
            System.out.println( "Parameter: " + parameter.getName() );
        }
    }
}
4 新的Java工具
4.1 Nashorn引擎 jjs
它接受一些JavaScript源代码为参数,并且执行这些源代码
创建 func.js 文件
function f() { 
     return 1; 
}; 
print( f() + 1 );
jjs func.js
4.2 类依赖分析器 jdeps
它可以显示Java类的包级别或类级别的依赖,它接受一个.class文件,一个目录,或者一个jar文件作为输入。jdeps默认把结果输出到系统输出(控制台)上。
jdeps org.springframework.core-3.0.5.RELEASE.jar
如果依赖不在classpath中,就会显示 not found
5 JVM新特性
PermGen空间被移除了,取而代之的是Metaspace(JEP 122)。JVM选项-XX:PermSize与-XX:MaxPermSize分别被-XX:MetaSpaceSize与-XX:MaxMetaspaceSize所代替